Understanding the Arts Essays

Understanding the Arts Essays Understanding the Arts Essay Understanding the Arts Essay Understanding the Arts Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Understanding and Evaluating the Arts â€Å"Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power† (Oxford dictionary, 2012). It can also be taken to be â€Å"A selective re-creation of reality according to an artist’s metaphysical value judgments† (Aynrand, 2012). Art can be expressed via various forms. Painting, sculpture, and printmaking are just a few examples of this. As shown by the overall definition, all types of art are interconnected. Painting â€Å"At the Lapin Agile† is a painting by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso in 1905. The medium used is oil on canvas measuring 39 by 39.5 inches. It depicts a bar scene in Montmartre featuring the painter as a sad clown nursing a drink. There is also a gaudy woman and a guitarist sitting against a wall (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012). The painting exemplifies the art via the painter’s vivid interpretation of his reality in the bar scene and the emotions expressed in the characters. This work was based on real life. Sculpture American artist Harriet Whitney Frishmuth lived from 1880 to 1980. One of her most famous works â€Å"The vine† created in 1924 was inspired by famous female dancers. The bronze sculpture measures 83.5 by 28.5 inches. It depicts a nude female dancer caught up in her performance, a moving portrayal of a living vine. She is holding a grapevine on outstretched hands (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012). The application of creativity in bringing movement to a bronze figure to show the beauty of dance is in line with the definition of art. Architecture The Taj Mahal in Agra, India was built as a tomb by an Emperor called Jahan for his second wife Mumtaz in the 17th century. It was designed by a Persian called Ustad Issa Khan Effendi. The white marble assumes different tones depending on the light changes. It has a variety of rich fittings such as Persian carpets, silver and gold lamps. The walls have detailed carvings and abstract motifs. Some of them have writings of the Koran as a decorative feature. A red sandstone path leads to a three-storey sandstone octagon shaped entrance with two smaller rooms at its side (Agra India Organization, 2012). Art in the form of architecture was used as an expression of the emperor’s deep emotions. The creative skill of the designer is shown by the keen attention to detail of the carvings and the resultant beauty. Photography Aaron Siskind’s photograph â€Å"Harlem, Most Crowded Block† was taken in 1940. The medium used is Gelatin silver print, and it measures 14 by 11 inches. Contrary to what its title suggests, the composition of the photograph is anything but crowded. It features a young woman with one hand akimbo talking to a little boy on a sidewalk. The wall behind them is dirty and so big that it dwarfs the two (Silverstein, 2012). This photograph demonstrates the use of art to be appreciated by its emotive power. The expression of the little boy evokes a feeling of curiosity and the desire to know the topic under discussion in the viewer. Conceptual Art Conceptual art is well demonstrated by the works of modern British conceptual artist David Shrigley, in particular by his work the â€Å"Light Switch†. This downloadable game features an animated hand and a light switch on an iPhone screen. â€Å"Players control the hand to poke the light switch, and as the switch alternates, the player’s screen goes black, as if the light had gone off on their phones. A counter in the top left marks the number of times the light is flipped† (Chayka, 2010). The use of the artist’s interpretation of reality to form a message concurs with the definition of art as the selective interpretation of reality. Printmaking Sebald Beham`s woodcut print â€Å"Large Church Festival† is a rich composition of several scenes depicting the rowdy Sunday peasant party scenes common in 16th century in Nuremberg city, Germany. The Print is officially dated in 1535 A.D. by the British museum and is 360mm high and 140mm wide (Britishmuseum, 2012). This work demonstrates the creative skill of the artist by the intricate detail depicting realistic scenes of day-to-day life. It has the emotive power of age-old human, social activities that people can identify with. Installation Art An interesting example of Installation Art is the scale model of a part of the â€Å"Running Fence† of Sonoma and Marin Counties in California. It was constructed from May to August in 1976. Creation of the model was a collaboration between Christo, a Bulgarian, Jeanne Claude, a Moroccan ,and Gregory Johnson, an American. The model is made of wood, cardboard, and paper. It measures an average of 22 x 57x 36inches on a scale of 1:200 metric (Smithsonian, 2012) The artist’s creative power is shown by his unique idea of displaying the beauty of a simple object. It sends the message of the reality of work often needed to make simple items of great importance. Performance Art â€Å"Ballet is an artistic dance form performed to music, using precise and highly formalized set steps and gestures.† It is characterized by light, graceful movements and the use of pointed shoes with reinforced toes (Oxford, 2012). Ballet is exemplified as an art form by its expression of feelings and stories via rhythmic movements of the body. These stories are often the metaphysical reality of the dancers being projected to audience. The movements also display the creativity involved in using movement to imitate the realistic characters of objects and individuals. References Agra India organization. (2012). Architecture of Taj Mahal. Retrieved from: agraindia.org.uk/taj-mahal/architecture/index.html Ayn Rand Institute. (2012). Essentials of Objectivism. Retrieved from: www.aynrand.org/ British Museum. (2012). Sebald Beham, Large Church Festival. Retrieved from: www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pd/s/sebald_beham,_large_church_fes.aspx Buce silverstein gallery of Aaron Siskind Foundation. (2012). Retrieved from: http://brucesilverstein.com/galleries.php?gid=543i=8page=next Chayka, K. (2012). David Shrigley`s â€Å"Light Switch† iphone application. Retrieved from: www.artinfo.com/news/story/760302/app-art-david-shrigleys-light-switch-takes-a-swipe-at-conceptual-art-on-the-iphone Metropolitan Museum of art. (2012). â€Å"Harriet Whitney Frishmuth: The Vine (27.66)†. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved from: metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/27.66 Metropolitan Museum of art. (2012). â€Å"Pablo Picasso: At the Lapin Agile (1992.391)†. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved from: www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1992.391 Oxford dictionary. (2012). Retrieved from: www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art Smithsonian American Art Museum. (2012). Installation exterior. Retrieved from: www.americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=77578 Wolf, J. (2012). Conceptual Art. Retrieved from: www.theartstory.org/movement-conceptual-art.htm

Algebra Basics What You Need to Know in One Article!

Algebra Basics What You Need to Know in One Article! All Algebra Basics in One Place! To understand algebra deeply, you need to learn some basics first. This article will help you to start. It contains info that helps to go further in learning. The high school encourages us to study many complex disciplines and one of them is Algebra. For many students, this is a challenging subject as it requires a deep understanding of math and being able to conduct operations like adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing and their various combinations. In this article, you will learn how to cope with algebra challenges and ease the process of learning. Main Things You Need to Know about Algebra All the math operations have to be used in a particular order. To remember it you can use the acronym PEMDAS. Know how to work with negative numbers. The main thing you need to understand that the bigger the number, the more distance from zero points. When you have a big task, divide it into smaller ones to organize the solving process. Start every new stage from the new line. Learn how to deal with variables that represented as letters (like x, y, z) and cannot perform number functions. When you have combines equations with letter and numbers, try to exclude any numbers during the available algebra operations. As we already mentioned, one of the useful tricks can be the PEMDAS approach. This tool was designed to memorize the right math operation order. To cut the story short, we will not discuss in details why it is so, but only decode the acronym: Parenthesis; Exponents; Multiplication; Division; Addition; Subtraction. Shortly speaking, why this order is important in algebra, then you need to keep in mind that the wrong order will lead to the wrong results. For instance, when you have an issue like 8+74 and start with adding operation before multiplying, you will get 60, that will be definitely wrong. According to basic math rules you need to multiply the numbers first and then conduct the adding operations. Eventually, you will get 36 that will be the right result recognizable for everyone. To get the right answers all the time we have to follow this rule. Basic Principles of Algebra Let’s start with the main operations. The first thing will be arithmetic. Every student who learns algebra must know the principles of arithmetic. Since the elementary schools, we are being taught how to deal with adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing. That is why most people do not have any difficulties with such tasks. Algebra, in general, is almost completely based on these operations. But the complexity of it lies in various formulas, equations and substitution of numbers with symbols. If you have any problems with understanding these aspects, you can learn them on your own using the available online resources and books on math. To obtain skills in algebra you need to learn the basics step by step. If you think that working with numbers is not your passion, you have to realize that there is no need to be an expert in math to understand the main elements of algebra. Even if you study some humanitarian disciplines like journalism, law or languages, you still can learn some simplest equations first and train your counting skills. All the more complicated formulas and issues are required for students who plan to study accounting or statistics etc. In some cases, students may be assigned to write academic papers on this subject and they may get benefits from special writing services to get high results and improve their skills. You also can use a calculator that may help in solving basic tasks and concentrate on more important ones. Also, some software like Excel can be helpful in solving algebra tasks with accuracy. In this case, you need to know how and when to use the available tools. These skills are required not only for students but for people who deal with similar issues. But when it comes to exams, keep in mind that the only tools you are allowed to use there are your calculator and a pen. Any additional tools, devices, and helpful materials are forbidden there. To ease the process of taking such exams and save time you need to know perfectly how your calculator works and what problems it helps to solve. How to Deal with Negative Numbers? The biggest challenge for many pupils was the understanding that -/- gives + while -/+ remains the -. But this is the basic thing we had to memorize. Negative numbers are used very often in algebra, accounting, statistics, economics, and other subjects that are related to math and you need to have particular knowledge. We can start with basic operations like adding, multiplying, subtracting and dividing to realize how everything works in order to move to the same processes with negatives. Keep in mind that negative number located on the same distance from zero as the positive equivalent, but the direction is the opposite. You can draw or imagine the line to make visual proof of what number is bigger. When you add one negative to another you get even more negative number. You see that the digit is higher, but it keeps its negative meaning with a minus sign. So it will be lower considering the number line. When you subtract the negatives, you can consider it as adding a positive number. When you divide or multiply negative numbers, you will always get a positive result. When you divide or multiply a negative number with a positive one, in this case, you will always get a negative result. The Structure of Algebra Problems Like when you work on a research paper or an essay, in solving algebra problems you should follow the particular structure as well. Yes, you probably will need to provide a short answer, but the whole process of solving should be displayed on paper in a particular order to follow your thoughts. This is really important when you have to deal with long problems. They may have various approaches for solving, and each of them may require a lot of time. If you do not want to miss anything or make a mistake, you need to start every new step with a new line and number each line. If you have a problem with the two-sided equation, then it is better to put every part of the solving process under each other. This will let you control the process and spot any possible mistakes quickly. For instance, if you have to solve the equation 12/6 – 2 + 5 x4, you should organize your work in the following way: 12/6 – 2 + 5 x4 12/6 – 2 + 20 2 – 2 + 12 0 + 12 13 This approach applies to any algebra problem. When you organize it in the step-by-step order, you will make your learning more effective. How to Work with Variables and Their Definition If you have to pass the SAT, then you need to know algebra well. So you need to understand at least the main principles first. Learn more about SAT test scores and find any other useful info on this aspect. Reaching satisfactory results will help you with entering college. One of the primary conditions is knowledge of what variables are and how to work with them. In SAT you will definitely have tasks with these elements. Also, sometimes we add letters and symbols to the numbers. As a rule, they serve as a substitution to the unknown numbers when you need an extra figure to fit the formula, for instance. That is why they are called variables. We do not know their value, and in some cases, it is not easy to discover it. However, you sometimes even do not have to see the value to solve the task. All you need is to use the right formulas and interpret the right. Here are the examples of variables used in algebra: Latin letters like a, b, c, x, y; Greek letters like theta or beta; the symbol pi, or Ï€, also is considered as a variable. In any case, you should consider these symbols as unknown numbers. In most tasks, you need to find the value of the unknown numbers by using the basic formulas. Here is the example of such tasks: 6x+6=18, where we have X as a variable. This means that we do not know its value but we can define it using the information from other numbers. We need to make both sides equal to 18. We subtract the 6 from 18 and have 12. As we know, 62=12, then we have found out that X means 2. Another approach to understanding the variables is the substituting them with question marks. For example, you need to solve the equation 2+5+x=15, so imagine it as 2+5+?=15. It is obvious that the answer here is 8. But how to act if you have more than one variable in your task? This can be solved simply in algebra as well. Consider them as a regular number in this case. Any arithmetical operations can be done with variables of the same meaning. When x+x=3x, then x+y will have another meaning (for instance, 3xy). Let’s discover how this works with this equation: 1x+3x=8. You can add parts 1x and 3x as they have the same variable and you will get 4x. Since we have 4x=8, then we can easily assume that x=2. But this approach is applicable to the same variable only. â€Å"Cancelling† Principle: How it Works You can get the variable in another way. When we have an equation, we may have numbers and variables from both sides. For example, you may have a task like x+5=83. You need to separate the variables from the numbers. So we need to exclude the number â€Å"5† from the right side and put it on the left. But you have to do so by changing its positive meaning to the negative one. So you will get an equation like this: x=83-5. Now you need simply to solve the basic math task and you will get: x=24-5=19. A piece of cake. Let’s discuss how we can to cancel the addition. When we have the unknown number on one side, this means we can replace the known numbers on another one. We have to conduct the opposite operation. As we know, adding and subtracting are the opposite operations. That is why in our example we have subtracted the 5 to compensate its missing on the first side. This is one of the basics of algebra that you need to know for sure. You can also use this principle when you deal with multiplication and division. As you can see, starting understanding algebra can be not so hard. Train Your Skills More If you feel that you need more training to memorize algebra basics, you can use the visual elements to get the info better. You can use images in order to illustrate any algebra issue like formulas, equations, etc. During lessons teachers sometimes use any available physical objects to enhance the understanding of the concepts. How to deal with â€Å"common sense check†? This is one more opportunity to get deeper algebra insight. Anytime you present a written problem with the algebraic elements. You can check the formula by using the simple numbers. You can choose whether the equation is meaningful by replacing x with 0 or 1. Moreover, you do not always have to get around or straightforward number after solving the math problem. The answer may contain irrational numbers, decimals, fractions, and others. This is the reason you should bring the calculator. You will be informed of what form will be suitable for each problem. If you are confident in your algebra skills, check how you deal with factoring. This is one of the most complicated aspects of math. This approach is used to make the ling equations shorter and simpler. This section is considered as semi-advanced algebra. You can practice by applying algebra approaches to real-life situations. To get the algebra better, you should not only memorize the formulas but to use them and practice. This is the only way you will keep in mind at least basics. If you deal with finances, you can train your skills as well. Part-time or season job can also be useful in practicing your skills. You can also use your knowledge for obtaining related disciplines like accounting, economics, etc. By the way, math, and algebra, in particular, is also required for understanding computer sciences. This discipline is vital for engineering and constructing too. If you still consider that you cannot solve the math or algebra problem correctly, you can ask for professional assistance and order the writing help from experts who will help you to shape and correct your solutions.

Mann Ltd Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mann Ltd - Coursework Example This is supported by the above given ratios. Return on capital employed has dropped to 19.8% in 2010 as compared to 31% in 2009. This downward shift is attributed to a sharp descent in net profits. The rise in assets has failed to show an increase in income of the company. Sales of the company has shown an increase but factors associated with sales like operating profit margin and gross profit margin has shown an inverse trend. Operating profit margin has declined from 19.8% in 2010 to 13.9% in 2010. Adding to the misery is declining gross profit margins, a substantial decline from 42% in 2009 to 37.5% in 2010. Sales figure has shown an increase but the company has failed to maintain gross and operating profit margin due to increasing costs. Company’s liquidity position has shown a slight decline from 2009. Current asset ratio has dropped from 4.8 times in 2009 to 4.6 times in 2010. The company’s liquidity in terms of current asset ratio is appropriate and should do wel l in years to come. However, acid tests shows a sharp decline. It has dropped to 3.6 in 2010 in comparison to 4.2 in the previous year. This is due to a disproportionate increase in current asset and liabilities. Furthermore, inventory holds a major share in the current asset in 2010.Trade settlement period is of particular interest to a manager in Mann Ltd. The time period has deteriorated in the current year. High volumes of sales have been on credit in the recent year, which is evident figures that have grown from 306 in 2009 to 468 in 2010.

Donald Judd Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Donald Judd - Research Paper Example remember Judd for his contribution to a form of art known as Minimalist art, architecture, his influence in modern sculpture, and many other artistic forms. Below, we explore the various forms of art that made Judd popular and have his name to be top on the list of the most influential artists. Artists and people remember Judd for using a collection of three forms: boxes, stacks, and progression that he applied throughout the thirty years of his career in art. When he began his work and practice in art, in the 1940s, his sculptural objects predominantly took the arrangement of shallow reliefs. The same concepts became evident in his work, as the artist employed commercial fabricators to get the shapes that he desired. Commercial fabricators assisted him in maintaining the simple forms of boxes and stacks, which he would often set according to sequential or repeated progressions. Judd’s idea of boxes, stacks, and progression differed and still varies from most of the art that we have in the world today. Donald Judd named his three dimensional art specific. While other forms of art were general, his was specific (Wintle 388). The various shows and artworks presented by Judd all through the years in which he practiced art exhibit how he used the same forms and pieces i n specific ways. His application of specific objects in his form of art led to his involvement and promotion of the minimalist art. Judd was a distinguished figure, who stood at the forefront of Minimalism – a word that he detested, during the 1960s and part of the 1970s. Minimal art refers to a school of sculpture and abstract painting where the artist keeps any form of expression to the bare minimal to give a total literal presence. Some regard minimalist art as extremely simple and deliberate lack of content to express. Although many forms of art fall into the description of minimal art, the name referred to artwork that sprung during the 1960s. During that time, some critics of art preferred

The Significance of African American History Essay Example for Free

The Significance of African American History Essay Dictionary. com defined the word history as â€Å"continuous† systematic narrative of past events as relation to a particular people, country, period, person, according to the meaning of the word History, it full knowledge will improve African American status. Despite the transition of Africans from West Africa to America and used them as slaves to work on tobacco and sugar plantations for many years, they had the privilege to be a part of this grate and powerful nation which empower them economically, on cultural plan and a standard of civilization. The economic aspect can be remarkable in many ways. In the book the â€Å"African American Odyssey† By Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, Stanley Harold on page six said that â€Å"West Africans were making iron tools long before European arrived† Therefore African Americans worked very and used their abilities and techniques and applied them to their had duties that they had here. Blacks increased the growth of the American Nation, one example of that is how they built the white house and other various things we use in the U. S today. All their contributions increased the progress of the economy. There are a number of aspects of African American cultures that were highlighted by the period of slavery. The outcome is a powerful and unique culture that continues to have a positive effect on conventional American culture, not only to that, it extends to the broader world as well. Tough slaves played an important role in it altogether, which restricted the African Americans to practice their rich culture in America, their culture has still survived, be it their beliefs, values other practices of the society, and cultural traditions have mixed beautifully with the European American culture. Fore instance in food industry, we have French bread. When it comes to fast food, we also have a French word called French fry. Elements of civilization can also be characterized in different perspective’s. After slavery African-Americans continued to prosper. According to the Civil Rights Act of 1866 African Americans now began too share the same legal rights with white Americans. For example voting rights were permitted for African Americans. Also integrated schools were becoming more and more common as time progressed. These rights, laws and rights to education gave people like George Washington Carver chances and opportunities to have honorable personalities. In Conclusion With all these events playing out from slavery to freedom blacks have come along way. They helped the economic stand point of this nation in ways of their labor that they provided, they helped socially by bringing the African culture to America bringing things like food, and music, ect. The emancipation of blacks opened many doors, African Americans took a great toll, coming from such a dark past and and still being able to grasp the torch of education, and knowledge gave people like Barack Obama the right to sit in the seat he is in today. In my opinion the trial and triumphs they encountered were all preparations for us to conquer the future.

Changes in Operations are Needed for Future Threats and Terrorism in th

Threats and terrorism will always exist and are constantly evolving. Even after the dreadful 9/11 attacks, terrorists remain diligent at planning attacks against the United States and its allies. Although not on the same scale as the 9/11 attacks, terrorists have successfully executed plots in the United States, the United Kingdom and France. For example, on April 15, 2013, an attack at the Boston Marathon occurred, killing three people and injuring 264 individuals. In the United Kingdom, on 7 July 2005, the London bombing incidents took place. Fifty-two individuals were killed and 700 were injured. On 7 January 2015, there was a mass shooting at the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo office in Paris. On 13 November 2015, terrorists have successfully executed the single deadliest terrorist attack in French history. Multiple shooting and grenade attacks occurred on a Friday night; among the locations targeted were a music venue, sports stadium and an ethnic restaurant. This very s hort list does not take into account the U.S., U.K. and French citizens which fall victim to the endless series of beheadings and bombing in the Middle East. No matter the type of attack or the number of casualties, terrorist activities continue have a great effect on the U.S. and its allies. Transnational crimes are constant issues as well. Transnational crimes can be terrorism, drug, weapon, and human trafficking, smuggling of goods, and cyber crimes. Adversaries in foreign nations also commit corporate espionage and implant computer viruses by infiltrating the nation’s network systems. All of these crimes affect the U.S.; therefore, it is important that law enforcement and intelligence agencies work together to limit the amount of crimes and... ...atu, S., & Fainisi, F. (2011). INTERNATIONAL CYBER SECURITY THROUGH CO-OPERATION. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 6(2), 438-448. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/884338908?accountid=28180 Rascoff, S. J. (2010). The law of homegrown (counter)terrorism. Texas Law Review, 88(7), 1715-1749. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/722437512?accoun tid=28180 Rosen, N. (2006). Thinking like a jihadist: Iraq's jordanian connection. World Policy Journal, 23(1), 1-16. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/232587503?accountid=28180 Tokatlian, J. G. (2008). A new doctrine of insecurity? U.S. military deployment in South America. NACLA Report on the Americas, 41(5), 6-10. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/202714393?accountid=28180

E.M Forster

E. M Forster Essay â€Å"I hate the idea of causes, and if I had to choose between betraying my country and betraying my friend, I hope I should have the guts to betray my country. † It appears to me that E. M Forster does make a valuable point in her personal speculation to believe that personal relations are more important than a simple cause or patriotism. In this essay I will give reason to Forster’s opinion as well as the other view of things. Without beloved friends, not only would there be no country,but also the world would seem lonely and one would be lost. (Correlative conj. At some unexpected point in all our lives, we must come to an end, and when we do we want to be able to think, â€Å" When I must leave this world, I’m actually going to be satisfied† (complex sentence) Friends engender a certain warmth that your country will never be able to formulate within. â€Å"A friend should be one in whose understanding and virtue we can equally conf ide, and whose opinion we can value at once for its justness and its sincerity. † (Compound Sentence) This quote is a true definition of a dear friend. The comprehension between two friends is something that you simply cannot get anywhere else, let alone from your country. A single rose can be my garden, but a single friend can be my world. † Friends are roses. (metaphor) Friends blossom with you, helping you grow as a person, enlightening you, every step you take. Friendship is like a violin; the music may stop now and then, but the strings will last forever. (simile) Although this esoteric view may seem like the correct way into choosing a friend over a country, others may contradict that and think otherwise. One may think that being there for one’s country is the absolute least thing you can do to show honor and pride. The love of one's country is a splendid thing. † It’s true, having pride of what land you reside in is great. Some may argue with t he thought of standing by their country rather than a friend is a much wiser idea simply because of how your country will physically never abandon you like some friends might do over time. â€Å"Patriotism is easy to understand in America; it means looking out for yourself by looking out for your country† One can create a certain barrier of so-called protection by simply protecting their country in hope of receiving something spiritual in return.Loyalty and pride are two traits everyone should have when speaking of their homeland, how far they take it, is entirely their own path and choice to take. Overall, I agree with E. M Forster’s main idea in choosing friends over her own country if it would ever result to that. â€Å"As the year go by our friendship will never die† Even when it may not be physically visible friendship will always be there to comfort you with lengthy arms of warmth, encouragement, and companionship, traits that your own shining country will never have.

Kinetic Friction

Experiment 4: Friction Laboratory Report Anna Rucelli Ignacio Michael Giorgio Lapus Ted William Lardizabal Janell Leica Lee Department of Occupational Therapy College of Reabilitation Sciences, University of Santo Tomas Espana, Manila Philippines Abstract The experiment verifies the laws of friction with the use of a spring scale, a block of wood, its different surfaces and the different surfaces of other objects. Another part of the experiment uses the palms of the hands to produce friction then apply lubricants then see the differences. The experiment also observes the effect of air resistance on falling paper. 1. Introduction Friction is the force resisting the relative lateral (tangential) motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, or material elements in contact. It is usually subdivided into several varieties: * Dry friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact. Dry friction is also subdivided into static friction between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic friction (sometimes called sliding friction or dynamic friction) between moving surfaces. Lubricated friction or fluid friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces separated by a layer of gas or liquid. * Fluid friction is also used to describe the friction between layers within a fluid that are moving relative to each other. * Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting the motion of a solid body through a fluid. * Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid mate rial while it undergoes deformation. Friction is not a fundamental force, as it is derived from electromagnetic force between charged particles, including electrons, protons, atoms, and molecules, and so cannot be calculated from first principles, but instead must be found empirically. When contacting surfaces move relative to each other, the friction between the two surfaces converts kinetic energy into thermal energy, or heat. Contrary to earlier explanations, kinetic friction is now understood not to be caused by surface roughness but by chemical bonding between the surfaces. Surface roughness and contact area, however, do affect kinetic friction for micro- and nano-scale objects where surface area forces dominate inertial forces. The normal force is defined as the net force compressing two parallel surfaces together; and its direction is perpendicular to the surfaces. In the simple case of a mass resting on a horizontal surface, the only component of the normal force is the force due to gravity, where N=mg. In this case, the magnitude of the friction force is the product of the mass of the object, the acceleration due to gravity, and the coefficient of friction. However, the coefficient of friction is not a function of mass or volume; it depends only on the material. For instance, a large aluminum block has the same coefficient of friction as a small aluminum block. However, the magnitude of the friction force itself depends on the normal force, and hence the mass of the block. If an object is on a level surface and the force tending to cause it to slide is horizontal, the normal force N, between the object and the surface is just its weight, which is equal to its mass multiplied by the acceleration due to earth's gravity, g. If the object is on a tilted surface such as an inclined plane, the normal force is less, because less of the force of gravity is perpendicular to the face of the plane. Therefore, the normal force, and ultimately the frictional force, is determined using vector analysis, usually via a free body diagram. Depending on the situation, the calculation of the normal force may include forces other than gravity. [pic] A common way to reduce friction is by using a lubricant, such as oil, water, or grease, which is placed between the two surfaces, often dramatically lessening the coefficient of friction. The science of friction and lubrication is called tribology. Lubricant technology is when lubricants are mixed with the application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectives. Superlubricity, a recently-discovered effect, is the substantial decrease of friction between two sliding objects, approaching zero levels. A very small amount of frictional energy would still be dissipated. 2. Theory ?s = maximum static friction normal force ?K = kinetic friction normal force 3. Methodology For the first activity, a piece of wood was placed on top of a wooden board with a spring scale attach to it. The minimum force needed to start the motion was determined by pulling the spring balance which is numerically equivalent to the maximum static friction. The kinetic friction was determined by pulling the spring balance with constant motion. This procedure was repeated by using the other sides of the block and their fsmax and fK was recorded. For the first trial in the second activity, the fsmax and fK of the wooden block was determined. For the succeeding trials, 100g weight is added to the block every trial and their fsmax and fK was recorded. This was called the normal force which is equivalent to the weight of the block plus 100g. After getting their fsmax and fK, their  µs was calculated by using the formula  µs = fsmax/fn. Also the  µK was calculated by using the formula fK/ fn. For the first trial of the third activity, the fsmax and fK of the wooden block was determined while it was pulled over a wooden board. In the second trial, the wooden surface/board was replaced with the tiles of the floor. So the wooden block was pulled over the tiles of the floor and its fsmax and fK of the wooden block was recorded. For the third trial, sand paper was used as surface while the wooden block was pulled and its fsmax and fK was recorded. For the next trial, plastic cover was used as surface while the wooden block was pulled and its fsmax and fK was recorded. Lastly, paper/cartolina was used as surface while the wooden block was being pulled and its fsmax and fK was recorded. For the fourth activity, one member of the group was asked to rub his/her hands together for one minute. After rubbing, was asked to place his/her hands on his/her cheeks and the sensation felt was observed. The succeeding trials were done by applying powder, oil, and lotion before rubbing the hands. The sensation felt was also recorded. For the last activity, a paper was dropped over a motion detector and its terminal velocity and square of terminal activity was recorded by using a program installed in the computer. The following trials were done by adding 1 paper every trial on top of each other and were dropped on the motion detector. Its terminal and square of terminal velocity was recorded.

Financial Statement Fraud

Financial Statement Fraud Free Online Research Papers Financial statement fraud is among the most common types of fraud. It involves intentionally reporting false information in a companys financial statements. Also called â€Å"cooking the books†, financial statement fraud is also one of the most costly types of fraud. According to a study done by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, financial statement fraud causes a median loss of $2 million per fraud scheme. A commonly used term for financial statement fraud is â€Å"earnings management†. This term almost sounds like a legitimate practice, but it is anything but that. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has defined earnings management as â€Å"the use of various forms of gimmickry to distort a companys true financial performance in order to achieve a desired result.† Not all earnings management practices are in violation of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Some practices considered as earnings management bend the rules of GAAP in order to achieve certain financial goals, but are not in violation of them. Financial statement fraud is almost always perpetrated by the upper management of a company. They have access to nearly all information in a company and they have tremendous influence over the employees under them, which can make it possible for them to conceal the fraud. Financial statement fraud is different from most other types of occupational fraud in a major way: the goal is not usually to directly enrich the fraudster, but is usually intended to mislead third parties (investors and creditors) about the profitability of the company. The most common financial statement fraud scheme is improper revenue recognition. This can take place in two different ways: premature recognition of legitimate revenues or the recognition of fictitious revenue from fictitious sales or fictitious customers. Other common methods include the overstating of assets, the understating of liabilities and expenses, reporting revenues or expenses in the wrong period, and inadequate disclosures. THE XEROX SCANDAL A well-known case of premature revenue recognition is the Xerox scandal of 2002. On April 12th, 2002, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed a civil fraud complaint against Xerox Corporation for alleging that they intentionally deceived the public, from 1997 to 2000, by prematurely recognizing revenues from copier machine leases on the signing date rather than over the life of the lease, as payment would become due. The issue was not with the validity of the revenues, but with their recognition. These fraudulent actions were intended to help the company meet its Wall Street expectations and to give the appearance of a healthy financial position. They did just that. Over the four year period, these actions, most of which were in strict violation of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), prematurely increased revenues by $3 billion and pre-tax income by $1.4 billion. This was a bold move by the management of Xerox because by recognizing future revenues in the current period, it made it increasingly harder to meet earnings expectations in the future periods. In 2005, Xerox paid a settlement the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and began efforts to regain the trust of its investors. PREVENTING THE FRAUD Management and the board of directors are responsible to take the necessary steps to deter fraud in financial reporting: Setting a â€Å"tone at the top† that communicates their expectations for accurate reporting Responding quickly, equitably, and proportionately to policy violations Maintaining internal and external auditing processes independent of managements influence Ensuring a proper flow of critical information to the board and external parties Establishing an adequate system of internal control Investigating and remediating problems when they arise To understand why a fraudster does what he does and to better deter future fraud attempts, an auditor must assess three variables that are present in virtually every fraud. These three concepts, collectively, make up the fraud triangle. These factors include: Perceived incentive or pressure Perceived opportunity Rationalization In the case of the Xerox fraud, management probably felt pressure to accelerate revenue from future periods to the current period in order to meet Wall Street expectations in order to protect the financial position of the company. Pressures also may have stemmed from desires for personal benefit in the form of performance-based incentives such as bonuses or stock options. An opportunity must exist to commit fraud, and the fraudster must believe he can get away with it. Lastly, it is probably reasonable to assume that Xeroxs management did not expect to continue the fraudulent actions forever. It was probably considered a temporary fix, as both the risk of getting caught and the risk of maintaining the heightened revenues in future periods were both high. This rationalization is the final component of the fraud triangle. DETECTING THE FRAUD Perhaps the first challenge for the auditor in detecting the fraud is to recognize early any signs that material misstatement has occurred. Following is a list of steps, from SAS 99, designed to assist the auditor in identifying, evaluating, and responding to the risk of fraud: Holding discussions among the audit team concerning fraud risk Obtaining information relevant to the identification of fraud risk Identifying the risk of material misstatement due to fraud Assessing the identified risks, taking into account the internal controls designed to address those risks Responding to the results of the assessment Evaluating audit evidence The Xerox fraud was executed in collusion with auditors, but certain analytical techniques, performed by the auditor, exist to help prevent financial statement fraud schemes like the known one from happening in the future. These include: Horizontal analysiscomparison of the current periods balances with those of prior periods. Vertical, or common-size, analysiscomparison of each line item of the financial statements to another line item, such as a percentage-of-sales comparison. Comparison of the detail of a total balance with similar detail for the preceding years Ratios and other financial relationships In a fraud like the one with Xerox, where the timing of revenue recognition is manipulated, potential causes could be: pressure to meet revenue targets as the period comes to a close, a known or expected shortfall of sales transactions for the period, a known potential existence of sales that are expected but not achieved, and the opportunity to alter the dating of post period transactions in order to make them appear to have happened in the prior period. Red flags that indicate this kind of fraud include: Falsification or alteration of documents Backdating or alteration of the dates of invoices Alteration or falsification of other dating evidence that might reveal the true dates of the arrangement of delivery of the products or services rendered Some unavoidable results of financial statement frauds like Xeroxsincluding the premature recognition of revenues create a revenue deficit for the future periods. This problem causes a need to: Make up the shortfall caused by â€Å"lending† revenues to the prior period Cover the effects of any real decline in sales Achieve the expected level of sales growth When revenues are prematurely recognized and sales are declining, each period may require more and more fraudulent premature revenue recognition in order to keep up the appearance of good financial position. INVESTIGATING THE FRAUD To perform an investigation of the suspected fraud, the investigator must gather all of the necessary documents. These may include auditors working papers, internal audit reports, organizational charts, alleged smoking gun documents, electronic files, personnel listings, financial statements, public filings, e-mails, and internet postings. Interviewing the suspect is necessary to obtain admission to the fraud. A few things to consider about the interview are the time, location, who should be present, and what type of interview should be performed. An information seeking interview is conducted to obtain information about the suspected crime. Interviewing starts with the periphery of interviewing candidates and continues moving inward until the subject is interviewed. Not all people interviewed for this type of interview are suspects. An admission-seeking interview differs by its intent and the people it interviews. The intent is to eventually get the suspect to admit to the alleged crime. Only suspects of the fraud are interviewed. Often in an investigation, the forensic accounting investigator will provide a written report of investigation. Until sure whether or not a report will be requested, an investigator should always retain evidence and analyses necessary for the report. WORK CITED 1.Golden, Thomas W., Stephen L. Skalak, and Mona M. Clayton. A Guide to Forensic Accounting Investigation. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2006. 2.Financial Statement Fraud and Deterrence. 4/29/09. acfe.com/resources/fraud-101-accounting.asp. 3.The Wide-Reaching Impact of Financial Statement Fraud. 4/29/09. sequence-inc.com/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=41. 4.Common Financial Statement Frauds. 4/29/09. worrells.net.au/Fraud%20Awareness/tpf_financial_statement.htm. 5.Xerox Scandal. 4/29/09. corporatenarc.com/xeroxscandal.php. Research Papers on Financial Statement FraudAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaLifes What IfsOpen Architechture a white paperResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

How to Use the Spanish Preposition Para

How to Use the Spanish Preposition Para Para is one of the most common Spanish  prepositions, But because para is usually translated as for, the same as por, it can also be one of the most confusing to English speakers. Unfortunately, for the beginning Spanish student, por and para are almost never interchangeable. So it is probably best to learn para and por separately and to think of para as a word that usually indicates purpose or destination, rather than simply as a translation for for. So in the examples of para usage that are given below, a translation (sometimes awkward) using a word or phrase other than for is given, in addition to a translation using for. By learning how para is used rather than how it is usually translated, you will eliminate much of the confusion. The preposition para should not be confused with the verb para, a conjugated form of parar, which means to stop. Para can also be a conjugated form of parir, which means to give birth. Para Meaning ‘In Order To’ When para is the equivalent of in order to, it is followed by an infinitive. Viajamos para aprender espaà ±ol. (We travel in order to learn Spanish. We travel for learning Spanish.)Para vender tu coche es importante que cuentes sus puntos fuertes. (In order to sell your car it is important to talk about its strong points. For selling your car it is important to talk about its strong points.)Vive para comer. (He lives in order to eat. He lives for eating.)Hay un plan maestro para destruir la civilizacià ³n como la conocemos. (There is a master plan in order to destroy civilization as we know it. There is a master plan for destroying civilization as we know it.) Para for Indicating Purpose or Usefulness The preposition can be used quite flexibly to indicate purpose, intent, usefulness, or need. It is often used in such a way that theres no simple one-word English equivalent. Estudia para dentista. (She is studying to become a dentist. She is studying for the dental profession.)Quisiera una bicicleta para dos. (Id like a bicycle for two. Id like a bicycle used by two.)Ganaron un viaje para dos. (They won a trip for two. They won a trip to be used by two.)Es hecho para nià ±os. (It is made for children. It is made to be used by children.)El poema fue escrito para su esposa. (The poem was written for his wife. The poem was written to benefit his wife.)Feliz cumpleaà ±os para ti. (Happy birthday to you. Happy birthday for you.)Tenemos agua para una semana. (We have water for a week. We have water to last a week.) ¿Para quà © estudias? (Why do you study? For what purpose do you study?) Using Para With Destinations One specific way in which para is used to indicate intent is with destinations. This is a specific way of indicating intention. In some of these cases, para can be used interchangeably with a, meaning to. Salimos para Londres. (We are leaving to go to London. We are leaving for London.)No voy para casa. (I am not going home. I am not headed for home.) ¿Para dà ³nde va el taxi? (Where does the taxi go to? Note that Spanish cannot end a sentence with a preposition in the way that English can.) Using Para for ‘No Later Than’ or ‘By’ In time statements, para can be used to indicate intent for completion of an action by a certain time. Translations can include no later than, around, about, and by. La casa estar lista para el sbado. (The house will be ready no later than Saturday. The house will be ready by Saturday. The house will be ready for Saturday.)Es necesario preparar el perro para la llegada de tu bebà ©. (It is necessary to prepare the dog for the arrival of your baby. It is necessary to prepare your dog by the time your baby arrives.)El pastel estar listo para la boda. (The cake will be ready by the wedding. The cake will be ready before the wedding. The cake will be ready for the wedding.)Llegamos para las cinco. (Were arriving around 5. Were arriving about 5. Were arriving for activities at 5.) Using Para To Mean ‘Considering’ Another use of para is to indicate perspective, the equivalent of words or phrases such as considering, in light of the fact or in view of: Para nià ±o, es inteligente. (Considering that hes a child, hes intelligent. For a child, hes intelligent.)Es caro para un papel. (Its expensive in view of the fact its a sheet of paper. Its expensive for a sheet of paper.) Using Para With Personal Reactions This is one way of indicating how a person feels or reacts to something: Para ella, es difà ­cil. (To her, its difficult. For her, its difficult.)No es justo para mà ­. (It isnt right to me. It isnt right for me.) Key Takeaways Para is a common Spanish preposition that is frequently used in indicating purpose, direction, intent, or perspective.Both para and another preposition, por, are often translated to English as for, but one of them can almost never be substituted for the other.Other possible translations for para include English prepositions such as to, at, and by as well as the phrase in order to.

Bringing extinct animals back to life Assignment

Bringing extinct animals back to life - Assignment Example This project involves withstanding painstaking research and consumption of large sums of money in the project. It also involves fighting back ethical issues raised by environmentalists concerning the undertakings. Novak and Brand represent the group of new generation who are passionate about having the extinct animals back in the global ecosystem. The author is biased in the way he present the project Revive and Restore as the solution to the extinction problem. The mission and vision of the organization trying to launch the de-extinction program which would ensure the extinct birds and animals are restored back into the ecosystem. The underlying value is down to giving conservation measures a different approach as well as the restoration of beauty of having those birds and animals around. However, the writer fails to address the issues that lead to extinction in the first place. The project Revive and Restore will consume a lot of funds which can be channeled to more conservation measure to guards the animals which are already being faced by extinction. In addition, the author fails to address the repercussion of the extinct animal regenerate upsetting the current ecosystem balance as they struggle to adapt themselves to an environment tat have changed over the decades. It is worth mentioning that the article present some valuable information about the importance of conservation. It highlights how human negligence over animal conservation can lead to a very expensive and time consuming reversal process. So what ought to be done to conserve the existing endangered species should be put in place to avoid the expensive and unproven de-extinction